Modified Residue

A modified residue is an amino acid in a protein that has been chemically changed after the protein is made. These changes can affect how the protein works, where it goes in the cell, or how long it lasts.

Example

Phosphorylation is a common modification where a phosphate group is added to an amino acid, turning enzymes on or off in cell signaling pathways.

Types of Modifications

• Phosphorylation - Addition of phosphate groups
• Methylation - Addition of methyl groups
• Acetylation - Addition of acetyl groups
• Ubiquitination - Addition of ubiquitin proteins
• SUMOylation - Addition of Small Ubiquitin-like Modifiers

Clinical Significance

Variants affecting modified residues can:

• Disrupt regulatory mechanisms
• Alter protein localization
• Affect protein stability
• Impact cellular signaling pathways